Effect of caffeine, nicotine, alcohol, epinephrine on Daphnia

03 - 31 - 2006 RESULTS: In this experiment the effect of different hormones on heart rate of _Daphnia_ was examined. It was investigated which substances act as stimulants and which substances act as depressant. Initially, _Daphnia_ was placed on depression slide under the microscope and the average heart rate was determined. Subsequently, _Daphnia_ was treated with different type of hormone and the effect on Daphnia heart rate was observed. It was investigated which substances act as stimulants and which substances act as depressant. Daphnia was treated with aged water, caffeine, ethyl alcohol, nicotine, and epinephrine, and their effect on heart rate of Daphnia was observed. The results are posted on table 1: Table 1: Average heart†¦show more content†¦Heart rate of daphnia fell from an average of 274.455+/-26 beats per minutes to an average 246.868+/-71 heart beats per minute. After performing Mann-Whitney U statistical test, this difference in heart rate was found to be statistically not significant. In last procedure, the effect of epinephrine on Daphnia heart rate was observed. The result is posted on figure 5: Figure 5: Effect of Epinephrine on average heart rate of Daphnia From figure 5 it can be seen that before the addition of epinephrine, Daphnia had an average heart rate of 277.663+/-18 heart beats per minutes. However, when epinephrine was added, the average heart rate was decreased to 291.467+/-57 heart beats per minute. However, after performing Mann-Whitney U test, it was found that after the addition of epinephrine, no significant difference was observed in Daphnias heart beats. Mann-Whitney U statistical testing was performed to see if the result obtained for the difference in heart rate of Daphnia before and after the addition of stimulant was significant. The statistical test for the difference in heart rate of daphnia observed after the addition of aged water is shown on table 2: Table 2: Mann-Whitney U statistical testing for the difference in average heart rate of Daphnia before and after the addition of aged water: B B A A B B A A A A B B A B B A 194 200.67 204 204.68 259 260 264 264.67 273.3 277.2 278 283.4 285Show MoreRelatedDaphnia Lab Essay1153 Words   |  5 PagesDaphnia and Additives Lab Purpose The purpose of this lab is to test what effect of Nicotine, Acetylcholine, Epinephrine, Caffeine, and Ethanol on an organism’s heart rate. Materials * Microscope * Eye dropper * Pipet * Cotton balls * Depression slide * Beakers * Daphnia * Water * Five additives: Nicotine, Acetylcholine, Epinephrine, Caffeine, Ethanol Procedure 1. Put on safety goggles. 2. Catch a living Daphnia. 3. Transfer to a depression

Arthur Millers Life Influences on His Works - 600 Words

â€Å"Never fight fair with a stranger, boy. Youll never get out of the jungle that way. This was a quote from the prominent American playwright Arthur Miller. This quote summed up Millers approach towards life and how others should live. Arthur Miller, by mirroring the issues of their time in a new light through his plays, sought to better America as he tackled political issues of his time in a way that his vast audiences would understand. Arthur Miller could be considered one of the most radical thinkers of the twentieth century through his bold messages. Arthur Miller exposed the flaws in the pursuit of the American dream and more specifically how society’s evil nature would lead to the corruption of the average American and lead to an unjust America. This was shown in his plays and most commonly known in his works Death of a Salesman and the Crucible. Being alive from 1915 to 2005 Miller experienced both important high and low points in American history. During Millers lifespan he was effected by many important struggles and successes in America that shaped not only him but his legacy. One of the significant early struggles that shaped Miller was the Great Depression. During this time his father lost his small manufacturing business. This period created much doubt to a young Arthur Miller about his existence, security, and religion. He then began leaning â€Å"left†, politically. Around the early 1900s the arts, theater more specifically, was the most avant-garde way for leftShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Arthur Miller s Life1268 Words   |  6 Pagesfew have succeeded. Arthur Miller was an inventive, determined playwright who made a lasting impression on theatre in the 20th century. He was a head-strong, willful individual who conquered obstacles when they presented themselves. Through a brief examination of Arthur Miller’s personal life, career as a playwright, and influence on theatre, it is clear to see that he was a very innovative and impactful individual whose effects can still be seen today. Arthur Miller’s life began on October 17Read MoreEssay about Arthur Miller1626 Words   |  7 PagesTheater Appreciation ARTHUR MILLER Of the list of American playwrights the one I thought I would find most interesting is Arthur Miller. Being relatively familiar with some of his work I wanted to learn more about him. Through the research I have done I have been able to find some very interesting information about Millers work as well as his personal life. Arthur Miller was born in New York on October 17, 1915. His father, Isidore Miller, was a ladies-wear manufacturer and shopkeeper whoseRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Mills Essay1690 Words   |  7 Pagescry of his whole soul: Because it is my name! Because I cannot have another in my life! Because I lie and sign myself to lies! Because I am not worth the dust on the feet of them that hang! How may I live without my name? I have given you my soul; leave me my name! (Miller, 133) As The Crucible commences, Arthur Mills transports the reader to 17th century Salem, Massachusetts, to reenact the affliction of the Salem Witch Trials, ultimately leading to regret and fatality. Miller utilizes his troubledRead MoreAmerica s The American Dream1537 Words   |  7 Pagesbeautiful. From one shining sea to another lies this relatively adolescent country. A country that is filled with a set of ideals in which freedom includes the opportunity for prosperity and success. It is the belief that, no matter how poor you begin life, you can achieve upward social mobility for your family and children. Many people believe that rising social mobility and success is possible in America for everyone due to American social, economic, and political system. Throughout history, the AmericanRead MoreThe Collapse Of A Cherished Businessman1571 Words   |  7 PagesThe Collapse of a Cherished Businessman Arthur Miller, a highly acclaimed and influential twentieth century dramatist, was born in New York City in 1915. Unlike normal Greek tragedies that focus on the aristocracy, Miller’s works often focus on the plight and tragedy of the common man. According to Rachel Galvin in an article for National Endowment for the Humanities, Miller generally illustrated characters that â€Å"wrestle with power conflicts, personal and social responsibility, the repercussionsRead MoreMarxism In Arthur Millers Death Of A Salesman1465 Words   |  6 PagesThroughout Arthur Miller’s Death of a Salesman, Willy Lowman sought to attain the American Dream, but his distorted view of Marxist control ultimately provoked his physical, material, and mental destruction. Lowman, a middle-class salesman, husband, and father of two shared the ideology of many American’s, an ideology that hard work, dedication, and likeability was attainable regardless of social class, or life circumstances. Yet, the multiple distortions Willy associated with this dream combinedRead MoreThe Crucible and The Salem Witch Trials by Arthur Miller Essay884 Words   |  4 PagesArthur Miller wrote plays as a way of showing people the real picture of what life was really like during the Great Depression and after World War II. Before the Great Depression many Americans were living in a significant time period, the Roaring Twenties. People had radios, automobiles, and movies with sounds. Then it all suddenly came to an end with the Stock Market Crash, leading to the Great Depression. During the Great Depression, Americans faced poverty, and had no income because jobs weren’tRead More Reflections of Arthur Miller’s Era in All My Sons Essay examples1810 Words   |  8 PagesCertain literary works possess a unique quality in which themes are intertwined with the author’s personal experiences in order to convey a message that is realistic and tangible. Arthur Miller’ s masterpiece, All My Sons, reflects the struggles and sacrifices that the working class endured in trying to keep the America Dream alive. A life of prosperity and security was everyman’s dream, and Miller’s childhood was nothing but prosperous until the Great Depression struck and left his family and manyRead More Importance of Ben Loman in Arthur Millers Death of a Salesman690 Words   |  3 PagesImportance of Ben Loman in in Arthur Millers Death of a Salesman      Ã‚   Ben Loman is an important character in Death of a Salesman but he is quite unusual.   The audience encounters Uncle Ben during Willy Lomans hallucinations of the past and as a result, it is tempting to disregard his character as just another creation of Willys delusional mind.   However, Ben is much more than that.   His character is representative of Willys unrealistic dreams as well as the realty of his life.   When the audienceRead MoreThe Human Lust For Power By Arthur Miller1689 Words   |  7 PagesThe human lust for power is a concept that is universally evident across both the historical and literary worlds. Historians and philosophers alike constantly analyze its corrupting influence and recursive nature. Arthur Miller’s The Crucible, however, highlights a different facet of power: the means by which individuals strive to obtain it. In particular, he focuses on social power and the use of accusatory labels, such as â€Å"witch,† to obtain this power. The story is also a clear extended analogy

Stress and Suicide free essay sample

The most important part of stress is how you deal with it or handle it. This is called a coping mechanism. It is crucial to deal the feeling of being stressed out or a stressor in an healthy way. Some people listen to music, go to the gym, sing, or dance. Anything would be better than resorting to drugs, alcohol, or bad habits. Doing that may lead to increased stress, anxiety, which could induce suicidal thoughts. (Nordqvist) Suicide and depression among college students is a widely discussed topic in the world today. Why is the number of depressed students in college and universities so high? What are the causes of depression and suicidal thoughts? In December of 2005 a powerpoint was created of all details from a study called, â€Å" The Big 10 University Student Suicide Study. † The study takes the suicide rates for young age groups, suicide attempt rates in the US in 2001, and population in US college and universities. We will write a custom essay sample on Stress and Suicide or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Most numbers are taken from the statistics and population of the Big Ten athletic conference schools, which are in the mid west. Based on what they knew by data that was gathered they estimated approximately 1,305 suicides among all college undergraduates per year. 1,004 of those suicides are student between the ages of 18-24. In the big ten, 74% of the suicides at the time of the survey were males, most suicides occurred at the age of 21 and as seniors and graduate student, and finally the suicides occurred on mostly on Wednesdays and in the month of October. I was extremely confused until she told me that suicide rates at Cornell University over the past year has increased dramatically. I found this very intriguing and decided to do some research on this for the paper. According to the article, Cornell University had no suicides between the years 2005 through 2008. The school has consistently fallen below the national average of suicide rates. According to the American Foundation for Suicide Prevention, the national average is 7. 29 suicides per every 100,000 students. Cornell University’s enrollment for 2009-2010 was 19,639 which means that the school should average fewer than two suicides per year. That was not the case between Fall 2009 and Spring 2010. Six students committed suicide by jumping off the main bridge at campus that leads to the gorge. It is an extremely long fall. Two of the bodies washed downstream and ended up at SUNY Cortland College, which is a few miles away from Cornell. Many of the counselors and the psychologists at the school are baffled over what has taken place over the past year and are trying to come up with possible answers. Many of the counselors have come up with an educated hypothesis. They feel as if students are taking their own lives because   of the constant pressure that they are under in school. As we all know, Cornell is one of the most prestigious schools when it comes to academics. Counselors feel that students feel their classes become too overbearing to deal with, and take their lives to relieve themselves from stress. Many students must maintain a certain G. P. A in order to retain their scholarship every semester. If they do not keep their grades up, they undergo constant pressure to do well. Cornell University is doing everything in their power to educate students about the current problem at the school. Police officers and guards now stand at both entrances of the bridge and monitor the students that cross it. The university also sent out campus-wide emails in regards to coping with depression and how one may receive help or counseling at Cornell. The emails encourage the students to use the resources at the campus for help. ( Cassie 1) Based on these facts, it is shocking to learn that six students most likely took their own lives because of the pressures of school. This just goes to show you that we never know what certain students are thinking. The pressures of school may prove to be too much for a student. In extreme cases, a student will take their life just because they may not be able to keep a scholarship. No grade or amount of stress is worth the life of a human being. I felt that this topic of discussion would be best for me to use for my paper being that I am experiencing so much of it now. Based on the Cornell article, students are taking their lives because of grade problems which the researchers noted to be the number one cause of depression in college students. I feel that Cornell University should conduct a survey similar to the one I discussed earlier because they may receive feedback that is essential in preventing more suicides. The University may be able to come up with new strategies on how to cope with depression and suicidal thoughts. Counselors and professionals should be available for all students to have access to when stress and anxiety gets to rough. I personally have trouble with stress and anxiety and having people to talk you and lead you into a positive direction and way of coping is absolutely helpful.

Preventive Withdrawal Under Quebec Labor Laws - Free sample

Question: Discuss about thePreventive Withdrawal Under Quebec Labor Laws. Answer: Introduction Quebecs employment legislation is heavily invested in ensuring workplace safety for all its employees. This is evidenced by the Act Respecting Occupational Health and Safety S-2.1 and the Act Respecting Industrial Accidents and Diseases A-3.001. The applications and interpretation of these laws, over the recent years, has adopted a liberal nature to ensure the underlying purpose is met and as such no injustice is meted out on workers, especially pregnant workers who have long suffered discrimination at the hands of the law. This paper serves to offer a concurring commentary on the decision delivered by Abella J in Dionne v Commission scolaire des Patriotes 2014 SCC 33, which preserved the right of a pregnant supply teacher to decline work in an unsafe environment as provided by law. The commentary will focus on the major legal issues drawn from the case which are whether; an employment contract existed, as a contract worker the appellant was entitled to either reassignment or prevent ive withdrawal and the appellants refusal to work served as preclusion from the employment contract. This paper is driven by the persuasion that the judge in Dionne v Commission (2014)[1] was right in her verdict as she opted to apply the law by observing its purpose and effect on the broader society. Background In summary, the appellant had worked as a pre-school supply teacher for nearly a year before she became pregnant. Tests conducted by her doctor revealed that she was susceptible to harmful contagious viruses that could be spread by groups of children. Based on this revelation, her doctor completed a Preventive Withdrawal and Reassignment Certificate which attested to her workplace being a health risk. She submitted the certificates to the Certificates to the Commission de la sant et de la scurit du travail and gave copies of the same to the School Board. The Commission found her eligible for Preventive Withdrawal subject to receipt of a contract which it later confirmed to have been formed in November 2006. The School Board, however, appealed to the Commission des lsions professionnelles (CLP) which found the appellant ineligible on the grounds that there was no contract formed as Ms Dionne was unable to enter the school premises. On judicial review, the Superior Court judges upheld the CLPs but for one judge who was of the view that Ms Dionne was only exercising her rights as an employee. Over the years, Quebec has made great strides in addressing as well as refining safety regulations at work. In the 70s, an in-depth consultation process was begun to come up with the required techniques to attain the proper health and safety standards in the workplace. The result was the espousal of the Act respecting Occupational Health and Safety in 1979 with the aim of ensuring health and safety at work as well as eradicating any source of injury or illness in the work premises. The protective measures of this Act urge employers to refrain from exposing workers to harmful working conditions all the while empowering workers to be aware of dangerous workplace conditions and availing them the right to refuse work under unsafe conditions.[2] In Bell Canada v. Quebec (Commission de la sant et de la scurit du travail), [1988] 1 S.C.R. 749, the court held that a refusal to work under unsafe conditions did not constitute a refusal to carry out ones employment obligations. It was merely an exercise of a statutory right.[3] With regard to pregnant women, the law provided for reassignment or immediate withdrawal from an unsafe environment if their health or life, or that of their unborn child, was at risk.[4] These measures allowed women to continue working, or where an alternative assignment was unavailable, to continue earning regardless of their absence from the work premises so as to avoid injustice.[5] Adella J delivered the courts judgment stating that the aim of Quebecs workplace safety laws, as well as complementary legislation on industrial accidents and illnesses, was to ensure financial security for workers who had to result to a Preventive Withdrawal so as to avoid harm at work. The judge was of the opinion that disentitling the appellant from the benefits owed to her, on the grounds that she had refused to enter the work premises, only served to nullify the object of the legislation and penalise pregnant working women for merely exercising their statutory right.[6] It was on these arguments that the appeal was allowed. Analysis The first issue raised in the case is with regard to the existence of an employment contract. In order to determine this issue, there are two questions that should be considered, firstly, who is a worker under the Act and secondly what constitutes an employment contract? Under the Act, a worker is any person performing tasks for an employer under either a contract of employment or apprenticeship regardless of whether they receive payment.[7] It is evident from this explanation that the Act is intent on casting a wide net to encompass as many categories of employees so as to avoid injustice. A contract of employment, as defined by law, is an agreement that enables a person to perform work for pay over a stipulated period of time subject to the control and supervision of the employer.[8] When applied to the case in question, Ms Dionne carried out the task of teaching pre-school children for her employer for most of the school days in 2006. Her work was under the direction and supervision of the School Board, at a stipulated price and over a specified period of time. These facts prove that, as per legislation, Ms Dionne qualified as a worker and a contract of employment did, in fact, exist between her and the School Board. These principles reflect the views upheld by the deciding court in the case study provided, which was convinced that the interpretation of a worker and a contract of employment should have been in a manner that was meaningful and relevant to the particular context and in line with the objective of the Act. The second issue raised in the case study was whether the appellant was eligible for Preventive Withdrawal as well as indemnity under the relevant law. The right to Reassignment and Preventive Withdrawal is provided under ss 40 and 41 of the Act whereby a pregnant worker, after availing a certificate that shows proof that the workplace is unsafe for her or her unborn child, is entitled to a reassignment of duties failure of which she can refuse performance until reassignment or delivery.[9] As it is already evident that the appellant was, in fact, a worker, she was entitled to these rights by law. The third major issue raised was whether the refusal to work in an unsafe environment precluded the formation of a contract of employment. The law provides that, where a worker is convinced of their exposure to unsafety should they perform their employment duties, they are entitled to refuse to perform until the situation is made safer for them.[10] An employer cannot mete out punishment on any worker, either by dismissal, suspension, transfer or any other discriminatory action should they chose to exercise their right as this refusal is not a termination of the employment contract but an exercise of a statutory right.[11] As Ms Dionne was a worker for the School Board, her refusal to come to work did not constitute a failure to perform her end of the employment contract, she was simply exercising her right to Preventive Withdrawal as the institution had not provided any suitable reassignment for her. Critics of the decision, in this case, have stated that the courts finding undermined the CLP and was evidence of the detachment between the law in theory and in practice.[12] However, it is evident that the case has provided a major turning point and relief for cases dealing with vulnerable workers, and most especially women.[13] Up and until the Supreme Court Decision, Ms Dionne, and others like her, were not considered workers for the purposes of Reassignment, Preventive Withdrawal and indemnity.[14] This has since been proved to be a discrimination against an employee which constitutes an injustice.[15] The case will go a long way in ensuring the rights of workers and most specifically pregnant workers in Quebec. Conclusion It is clear that the decision in Dionne v Commission (2014) has been met with both criticism and appraise. This is because the judges approached the interpretation of the law more liberally than their lower court counterparts. The decision was driven by the desire to interpret the law in a manner that was in line with its latent objective which served to cure an injustice rather than propagate one. This ensured, and will continue to ensure, that vulnerable workers, especially pregnant women, are able to access all the rights and benefits available to them in the course of their employment and that their pregnancy is not treated as an inability to perform. Bibliography Bell Canada v. Quebec (Commission de la sant et de la scurit du travail). 749 (S.C.R, 1988). Dionne v. Commission scolaire des Patriotes . 33 (S.C.C, May 1, 2014). AT T Corp. v. Hulteen. 1962 (S. Ct., 2009). Bernier, Liz. "Supreme Court reinforces pregnant worker's right to refuse unsafe work." Canadian Occupational Safety. February 10, 2015. https://www.cos-mag.com/legal/legal-stories-exclusive/4343-supreme-court-reinforces-pregnant-workers-right-to-refuse-unsafe-work.html (accessed September 26, 2016). Cabiakman v. Industrial Alliance Life Insurance Co. 55 (SCC, 2004). Cliche, Bernard, Serge Lafontaine, and Mailhot Richard. Trait de droit de la sant et de la scurit au travail: Le rgime juridique de la prvention des accid ents du travail et des maladies professionnelle. 1993: Yvon Blais, Cowansville. Commission des coles catholiques de Qubec v. Gobeil. 1883 (R.J.Q., 1999). Daly, Paul. "How (Not) to Conduct Deferential Review: Dionne v. Commission scolaire Patriotes, 2014 SCC 33." Administrative Law Matters. May 1, 2014. https://www.administrativelawmatters.com/blog/2014/05/01/how-not-to-conduct-deferential-review-dionne-v-commission-scolaire-des-patriotes-2014-scc-33/ (accessed January 26, 2016). Fernand, Morin, and et. al. Le droit de lemploi au Qubec. Montreal: Wilson Lafleur, 2010. Katherine, Lippel. "Preventive Reassignment of Pregnant or Breast-Feeding Workers: The Qubec Model." New Solutions, 1998: 267. Lallier, Eric. "Supreme Court of Canada: Does a supply teacher's contract also protect pregnant women?" Norton Rose Fulbright. May 2014. https://www.nortonrosefulbright.com/knowledge/publications/116552/supreme-court-of-canada-does-a-supply-teachers-contract-also-protect-pregnant-women (accessed September 26, 2016). Mann Lawyers. "Recent decision on a casual worker's rights surrounding her pregnancy." Mann Lawyers. February 11, 2016. https://employmentlawottawa.com/tag/quebec-pregnancy-employment/ (accessed September 26, 2016). Serge, Lafontaine. Le retrait prventif de la travailleuse enceinte ou qui allaite: qui dcide quoi?, dans Service de la formation permanente du Barreau du Qubec, Dveloppements rcents en droit du travail. Cowansville: Qu.: Yvon Blais, 1991.